By 1860s’, emigration had become a massive, relentless, and efficiently managed national enterprise.  From 1830 to 1914, almost 5 million went to the United States alone. In 1890 two of every five Irish-born people were living abroad.

Meanwhile the aristocracy according Newby found no difficulty in moving to and fro between the glittering social whirl [...]

Yet this period continued to bring forward landed Anglo Irish who were willing to help the natives. In the early 1800s a great interest was taken in the work of Robert Owen on Co-Operative movement. Robert Owen, born in 1771 in Wales is often regarded as the Father of Co-Operation, although conscious co-operation existed outside [...]